Florida State Standards
The STANDARDS CORRELATION chart suggests which Florida State Standards for science you can
cover using PASSPORT TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM in your classroom. We hope you will discover
additional standards you can use. These are the ones our Instructional Materials Development team
felt most directly related to the activities contained in PASSPORT TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
For additional Florida State Standards for science you can cover see the STANDARDS CORRELATION chart
for the following PASSPORT TO KNOWLEDGE projects:
PASSPORT TO WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Grade Level Expectations:
Kindergarten, First Grade, Second Grade,
Third Grade, Fourth Grade,
Fifth Grade, Sixth Grade,
Seventh Grade, Eighth Grade
State Standards:
Grades PreK-2, Grades 3-5,
Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12
The Nature of Matter
Energy
· knows the effects of sun and shade on the same object (for example, crayons, ice,
chocolate).
video · knows that light can pass through some objects, but cannot pass through other objects.
video · knows some processes where heat can be released (for example, playing a radio, burning a
candle).
video Force and Motion
· understands that different things move at different speeds (bicycle/motorcycle, car/plane,
tortoise/hare).
video · knows the names of objects that roll, slide, or fly.
video · knows that the motion of an object (for example, toy truck, toy car, ball, marble) can be
changed by a push or a pull.
video · knows that vibrations caused by sound waves can be felt (for example, on a speaker when
music is played, the head of a drum when it is hit, or a tuning fork).
video Earth and Space
· knows that the sky looks different during the day than it does at night.
video · knows that the position of the Sun in the sky appears to change during the day.
video · knows some of the objects seen in the night sky (for example, stars, Moon).
video The Nature of Science
· knows that learning can come from careful observation.
video · repeats events several times and compares the findings.
video · works with a partner or small group to collect information.
video · shares findings about scientific investigations with others.
video · poses questions, seeks answers, draws pictures of observations, and makes decisions using
information.
video · knows that the five senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, sight) allow us to take in and respond
to information in order to learn about our surroundings.
video · understands that continuous patterns occur in nature (for example, seasons, phases of the
Moon, blooming flowers).
video · knows some appropriate tools for collecting information and extending the senses.
video Energy
· knows that heat from the Sun has varying effects depending on the surface it strikes.
video · predicts which materials will allow light to pass through and which ones will not.
video · understands that models (for example, terrarium or aquarium) can be used to observe
processes and changes over time.
video Force and Motion
· knows the relative order of speeds of various objects (for example, snails, turtles tricycles,
bicycles, cars, jets, rockets).
video · knows that various things move at different speeds when different forces are applied.
video · understands various ways gravity affects the motion of objects (for example, an object on a
ramp, an object that is dropped).
video · knows that vibrations of objects (for example, strings, drumheads, rubber bands) cause
sounds.
video Earth and Space
· knows that the amount of light reflected by the Moon is a little different every day but the
Moon appears the same again about every 28 days.
video · knows that night and day are caused by the rotation of the Earth.
video · knows and differentiates objects seen in the day and night sky (for example, clouds, Sun,
stars, Moon, planets).
video The Nature of Science
· knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places.
video · understands the importance of accuracy and repetition in conducting scientific inquiries.
video · works with others to complete an experiment or to solve a problem.
video · listens, records, and compares the ideas and observations of others.
video · uses simple graphs, pictures, written statements, and numbers to observe, describe, record,
and compare data.
video · uses a variety of tools (for example, thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, scales, computers) to
identify characteristics of objects.
video · uses standard (for example, centimeters) and nonstandard units (for example, paper clips,
hands, pencils) to measure organisms and objects and parts of organisms and objects.
video · uses information gathered to identify patterns in nature to make predictions (for example,
shapes of leaves, petals on flowers, rings on seashells).
video · knows that scientists and technologists use a variety of tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers,
rulers, and scales) to obtain information in more detail and to make work easier.
video The Nature of Matter
· knows that a variety of tools can be used to examine objects at differing degrees of
magnification (for example, a hand lens, layered hand lenses, a microscope).
video Energy
· knows that a thermometer measures the amount of heat absorbed by an object.
video · understands that some materials will allow light to pass and others will not.
video · understands that models (for example, terrarium or aquarium) can be used to illustrate how
energy flows through a system.
video · knows how model energy systems change throughout the year (for example, collecting data
and recording changes in a terrarium or aquarium that models an energy system).
video · knows different heat sources (for example, friction, solar, nuclear, electric).
video · uses graphic organizers to classify food groups.
video · understands the relationship of food to the need for energy for daily activities.
video · understands ways energy and matter interact (for example, sunlight to affect plant growth,
heat to boil water).
video Force and Motion
· knows that objects exhibit different kinds of motion (for example, straight, circular, back and
forth).
video · knows that the amount and direction of the force exerted on an object (for example, push,
pull, friction, gravity) determines how much the object will move.
video · knows that objects may be moved by being pushed and pulled with magnets.
video · compares the amount of pushing and pulling required to move objects of various sizes across
the floor.
video · demonstrates that some vibrations may be heard.
video · understands that sound travels differently through different media (for example, wood, water,
air).
video · knows that properties of sound such as pitch and loudness can be altered by changing the
properties of the sound source.
video Earth and Space
· knows that the Moon moves around the Earth, the Earth moves around the Sun, and the
Moon is visible when it reflects the light from the Sun.
video · knows that each time the Earth completes one rotation, one day has passed and that this takes
24 hours.
video · knows that stars and planets are always in the sky.
video The Nature of Science
· knows the difference between verified observation and personal interpretation.
video · knows that when tests are repeated under the same condition, similar results are usually
obtained.
video · participates in groups to conduct experiments and solve problems.
video · understands that one can gain confidence in scientific methods by comparing and verifying
scientific results with others.
video · understands that, through the use of science processes, people can solve problems and make
decisions.
video · analyzes information to make predictions, makes sketches and diagrams to explain ideas,
draws conclusions using information and prior knowledge.
video · keeps science records.
video · uses a variety of tools to observe, measure, analyze and predict changes in size, mass,
temperature, color, position, quantity, sound, and movement.
video · uses metric and standard English units to measure distance, volume, mass, and temperature.
video · knows how to sort organisms, objects, and events based on patterns.
video · knows ways in which tools are used by scientists (for example, to gather information, to
analyze, to calculate).
video Energy
· knows objects that emit heat and light.
video · knows different forms of energy (for example, heat, light, sound).
video · knows that the Sun provides energy for the Earth in the form of heat and light.
video · knows that heat can be produced by chemical reactions, electrical machines, and friction.
video · uses a variety of tools to measure the gain or loss of energy.
video · knows that when a warmer object comes in contact with a cooler one, the warm object loses
heat and the cool one gains it until they are both at the same temperature.
video · knows that some source of energy is needed for organisms to stay alive and grow.
video Force and Motion
· describes the motion of various objects (for example, forward, circular, wave).
video · understands the characteristics of waves (for example, crest, trough, length).
video · knows that an object may move in a straight line at a constant speed, speed up, slow down,
or change direction dependent on net force acting on the object.
video Earth and Space
· knows that days and nights change in length throughout the year.
video · knows the frequency of the lunar cycle is approximately 28 days.
video · knows the Sun is a star that is much nearer to the Earth than the other stars.
video · knows characteristics of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
video · knows the relative positions of all the planets
video · knows that, in addition to the Sun, there are many other stars that are far away.
video The Nature of Science
· knows that it is important to keep accurate records and descriptions to provide information
and clues on causes of discrepancies in repeated experiments.
video · plans and investigates an experiment that defines a problem, proposes a solution, identifies
variables, collects and organizes data, interprets data in tables, charts and graphs, analyzes
information, makes predictions, and presents and supports findings.
video · uses various kinds of instruments to collect and analyze information (for example, meter
sticks, timing devices, graduated cylinders, force meters, pan balances, calipers, microscopes,
cameras, sound recorders, hot plates, magnets, collecting nets).
video · knows that to work collaboratively, all team members should be free to reach, explain, and
justify their own individual conclusions.
video · knows that to compare and contrast observations and results is an essential skill in science.
video · uses sketches, diagrams and models to understand scientific ideas.
video · makes predictions and inferences based on observations.
video · uses charts and graphs to understand patterns of change.
video · understands the relationships between science concepts and the history of science and the
contributions of scientists.
video · uses reference materials to obtain information related to science concepts.
video · knows that data are collected and interpreted in order to explain an event or concept.
video · understands that scientific information can be presented in several ways (for example, using
numbers and mathematics, drawings, words, graphs, tables).
video · understands how scientific discoveries have helped or hindered progress regarding human
health and lifestyles.
video · knows that, through the use of science processes and knowledge, people can solve problems,
make decisions, and form new ideas.
video The Nature of Matter
· uses a variety of measurements to compare and contrast the physical properties of matter.
video · understands that heating or cooling of matter will speed up or slow down, respectively, the
motion of the small particles within matter and that this is what causes a phase change.
video · uses a variety of tools (hand lens, microscope) to observe and study minute details of objects.
video Energy
· knows that most living things use energy from the Sun to live and grow.
video · knows that there are a variety of sources for electricity (for example, hydroelectric,
geothermal, windmills).
video · knows the relationship between attributes of all waves (for example, wavelength, frequency)
and attributes of sound waves (for example, pitch, intensity).
video · knows that most objects that emit light also emit heat.
video · knows ways that energy can be transformed (for example, electricity to light, light to heat,
mechanical to heat).
video · knows that moving electric charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnets produce
electric currents.
video Force and Motion
· knows that velocity describes a change in distance over time
video · understands that waves behave differently in different media (for example, water, a wall, the
atmosphere, a vacuum).
video · uses tools to measure changes in position, direction, and speed of an object after a push or
pull has been applied.
video Earth and Space
· knows that the tilt of the Earth causes the change of seasons, length of day, and the amount
of energy available.
video · understands the cause of the phases of the Moon (for example, the movement patterns of the
Earth and Moon relative to the Sun).
video · knows how the energy of the Sun can be captured as a source of heat and light on Earth (for
example, plants, solar panels).
video · knows characteristics of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
video · knows that gravity is the one of the forces that keeps planets arranged in orbits around the
Sun and the Moon in orbit around the Earth.
video · understands that the Sun is a medium-sized star located near the edge of a galaxy containing
billions of other stars, which in turn is one of innumerable galaxies in the Universe.
video The Nature of Science
· knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public, and they describe the
investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigation.
video · plans and investigates experiments in which hypotheses are formulated based on cause and
effect relationships; distinctions are made among observations, conclusions/inferences and
predictions; a limited number of variables are controlled; and numerical data that are
contradictory or unusual in experimental results are recognized.
video · uses metric tools to measure, record, and interpret data.
video · works collaboratively to collect, share, and record information for a scientific investigation.
video · knows that comparisons between experiments can be made when conditions are the same.
video · knows that a model of something is different from the real thing, but can be used to learn
something about the real thing.
video · makes predictions based on data from picture graphs, bar graphs, and line graphs.
video · knows basic patterns, sequences, and cycles occurring in nature.
video · knows that technologies often have costs, as well as benefits, and can have an enormous
effect on people and other living things.
video · researches and reports on a science topic.
video · constructs and analyzes graphs, tables, maps, and charts to organize, examine, and evaluate
information.
video · uses criteria to understand and analyze the impact of scientific discoveries (for example,
determines whether or not scientific claims are backed by sufficient evidence and logical
arguments).
video · knows ways that, through the use of science processes and knowledge, people can solve
problems, make decisions, and form new ideas.
video Energy
· knows how to trace the flow of energy in a system (for example, electricity in a circuit to
produce heat, light, sound, or magnetic fields).
video · knows that energy can be described as stored energy (potential) or energy of motion (kinetic).
video · extends and refines use of a variety of tools to measure the gain or loss of energy.
video · knows that some materials conduct heat better than others.
video · understands that convection, radiation, and conduction are methods of heat transfer.
video · knows that the limited supply of usable energy sources (for example, fuels such as coal or oil)
places great significance on the development of renewable energy sources.
video Force and Motion
· uses scientific tools (for example, stopwatch, meter stick, compass) to measure speed,
distance, and direction of an object.
video · knows that waves travel at different speeds through different materials.
video · understands the relationship between force and distance as it relates to simple machines (for
example, levers and fulcrums working to lift objects).
video · knows that objects do not change their motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
video · understands how friction affects an object in motion.
video · knows the relationship between the strength of a force and its effect on an object (for
example, the greater the force, the greater the change in motion; the more massive the object,
the smaller the effect of a given force).
video · knows that motion in space is different from motion on Earth due to changes in gravitational
force and friction.
video · understands how inertia, gravity, friction, mass, and force affect motion.
video Earth and Space
· knows the orbit of the Earth is slightly elliptical and the Earth is closest to the Sun in the
Northern Hemisphere in winter.
video · knows that the angle that the rays of the Sun strike the surface of the Earth determines the
amount of energy received and thus the season of the year.
video · knows the effect of the tilt of the Earth on polar climates.
video · knows the relative positions of the Moon, Earth, and Sun during each of the phases of the
Moon.
video · knows that the planets differ in size, characteristics, and composition and that they orbit the
Sun in our Solar System.
video · knows the arrangement of the planets and the asteroid belt in our Solar System.
video The Nature of Science
· understands that although the same scientific investigation may give slightly different results
when it is carried out by different persons or at different times or places, the general evidence
collected from the investigation should be replicable by others.
video · understands that scientists use different kinds of investigations (for example, observations of
events in nature, controlled experiments) depending on the questions they are trying to
answer.
video · understands the importance of accuracy in conducting measurements, and uses estimation
when exact measurements are not possible.
video · understands the importance of communication among scientists (for example, informing and
becoming informed about scientific investigations in progress and the work of others;
exposing ideas to the criticism of others).
video · uses strategies to review, compare and contrast, and critique scientific investigations.
video · knows that an experiment must be repeated many times and yield consistent results before
the results are accepted.
video · uses sketches and diagrams to propose scientific solutions to problems.
video · constructs models to compare objects in science.
video · makes a prediction for a new investigation using the data from a previous investigation.
video · understands that change is constantly occurring and uses strategies to analyze different
patterns of change.
video · knows areas in which technology has improved human lives (for example, transportation,
communication, nutrition, sanitation, health care, entertainment).
video · knows that new inventions often lead to other new inventions and ways of doing things.
video · selects appropriate graphical representations (for example, graphs, charts, diagrams) to
collect, record, and report data.
video · understands how a solution to one scientific problem can create another problem.
video · extends and refines knowledge of ways that, through the use of science processes and
knowledge, people can solve problems, make decisions, and form new ideas.
video The Nature of Matter
· knows the properties of waves (frequency, amplitude, wavelength).
video · knows how to compare and contrast the properties of particles and waves.
video · knows forms of radiant energy and their applications to everyday life (for example, visible,
microwave, radio).
video Energy
· knows different types of energy and the units used to quantify the energy (for example, solar,
nuclear, electrical, chemical).
video · understands that energy can be converted from one form to another (for example, solar energy
to heat energy).
video · understands that energy can be changed in form.
video · uses examples to demonstrate common energy transformations.
video · knows types of radiant energy that come to Earth from the Sun (for example, visible, infrared,
ultraviolet).
video · knows the effect of sunlight on photosynthetic pigments.
video Force and Motion
· knows that a change in motion and position can be measured.
video · knows ways to measure time intervals.
video · knows ways to estimate speed.
video · uses common items (a pebble dropped in water, a marble dropped in sand) to demonstrate
that vibrations in materials set up visible disturbances that spread away from a force in all
directions.
video · recognizes the result of several forces acting on an object.
video · knows that the net force is dependent on the direction and magnitude of forces acting on a
body.
video · knows that an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.
video · knows objects in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
video · knows that gravity is a force that causes an object to fall to the ground.
video · knows that gravity causes an object to have weight.
video Earth and Space
· knows the relationship between tides on Earth and the positions of the Moon, the Sun, and
Earth.
video · knows the relative sizes of the planets, Sun, Solar System, galaxy, and universe.
video · understands the positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun during a solar eclipse and a lunar
eclipse.
video · understands that our Sun is one of many stars in our galaxy.
video The Nature of Science
· knows ways scientific theories may change with new discoveries.
video · understands that new technology may lead to new discoveries.
video · uses systematic, scientific processes to develop and test hypotheses.
video · knows that the scientific method is a process that involves a logical and empirical but flexible
approach to problem solving.
video · knows that the disciplines of science provide in depth study and information that becomes
available for all to share and use.
video · knows that accurate record keeping, openness, and replication are essential to maintaining an
investigator’s credibility with other scientists and society.
video · uses accurate records, openness, and replication of experiments to ensure credibility.
video · understands the importance of the control in an experiment.
video · knows how to identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment.
video · uses appropriate experimental design, with consideration for rules, time, and materials
required to solve a problem.
video · knows selected scientists and their accomplishments.
video · knows that scientists who make contributions to knowledge come from all kinds of
backgrounds and possess varied talents, interests, and goals.
video · uses criteria necessary to determine the veracity of the data.
video · knows that most natural events occur in patterns.
video · knows that science ethics demand that scientists must not knowingly subject coworkers,
students, the neighborhood, or the community to health or property risks.
video · uses appropriate procedures for safety in the classroom, home, and community.
video · knows that appropriate care, safe practices, and ethical treatment are necessary when animals
are involved in scientific research.
video · knows that in research involving human subjects, the ethics of science require that potential
subjects be fully informed about the risks and benefits associated with the research and of
their right to refuse to participate.
video · knows some ways that scientific discoveries create new technologies that affect society (for
example, geographic information systems, gene mapping, electronic communication).
video · knows that the advancement of science, mathematics, and technology is ongoing and
influenced by a diverse population of scientists.
video · knows that scientific contributions may result in diverse technological products.
video · uses a computer to collect, analyze, and report scientific findings.
video The Nature of Matter
· understands that weight is the result of gravitational pull on an object.
video · knows the difference between heat and temperature.
video · knows that relative changes of position and motion of atoms in a solid, liquid, and gas are the
result of an increase or decrease in temperature.
video · knows the direction of energy flow when a change in the phase of matter occurs.
video · knows that chemical changes result in new substances with different characteristics.
video · knows chemical and physical changes that occur in nature.
video · knows that charged particles and objects will attract or repel each other.
video · knows the relationship between frequency and wavelength (the greater the frequency of the
wave, the smaller the wavelength of the wave).
video · understands that protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom while electrons
exist in areas of probability outside of the nucleus.
video · understands that the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus where the protons and
neutrons are located.
video · determines the mass number and atomic number of an atom from the number of protons and
neutrons.
video · understands that most of the atom is empty space.
video · knows uses of radiation, light, and thermal energy to improve the quality of life for human
beings (for example, cooking food, treating disease).
video Energy
· knows examples of uses of energy in the home and ways to measure its use.
video · knows the characteristics, effects, and common uses of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light.
video · knows that useful energy is lost as heat energy in every energy conversion.
video · knows that as the amount of useful energy of a system decreases, the total disorder in the
system increases.
video Force and Motion
· knows that the motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and
speed.
video · knows intensity of some common waves.
video · knows some causes and effects of waves.
video · knows the properties of forces.
video · knows that like poles of the magnet (two north poles or two south poles) will repel and
opposite poles (north and south) will attract.
video · knows that a simple electromagnet uses both electrical force and a magnetic force.
video · understands that as objects fall to Earth, speed increases until they reach terminal velocity.
video · understands that gravity is a force exerted on a mass that causes an object to have weight.
video · knows that gravity is a force that holds the Solar System together.
video Earth and Space
· knows the relative sizes of planets.
video · understands the distances of the planets and the asteroid belt from the Sun are vast.
video · understands that the tilt of the Earth on its axis as it rotates causes seasonal changes.
video · knows characteristics of the inner planets and outer planets.
video · knows basic features of the Moon and the moons of other planets.
video · knows some of the constellations of stars in the sky.
video · knows why stars appear to move across the sky.
video · knows the life cycle of a star.
video · knows the process used to determine the age of a star.
video The Nature of Science
· understands that new scientific knowledge is often used to reevaluate existing theories.
video · uses systematic, scientific processes to solve problems and reach conclusions.
video · knows that science disciplines differ from one another in topic, techniques, and outcomes but
that they share a common purpose, philosophy, and enterprise.
video · extends and refines use of accurate records, openness, and replication of experiments to
ensure credibility.
video · extends and refines knowledge of how to identify the independent and dependent variables in
an experiment.
video · extends and refines use of appropriate experimental design, with consideration for rules, time,
and materials required to solve a problem.
video · uses rules, time, and materials in ways that ensure the identification and separation of
variables in an experiment to solve a problem.
video · extends and refines knowledge of selected scientists and their accomplishments and
recognizes their varied backgrounds, talents, interests, and goals.
video · uses criteria necessary to determine the validity of a scientific experiment.
video · knows that natural events (for example, seasons, hurricanes) occur in patterns.
video · knows that science ethics demand that scientists must not knowingly subject coworkers,
students, the neighborhood, or the community to health or property risks.
video · uses appropriate procedures for safety in the classroom, home, and community.
video · knows the care, safe practices, and ethical treatment that are appropriate when using animals
in field and laboratory research.
video · knows that in research involving human subjects, the ethics of science require that potential
subjects be fully informed about the risks and benefits associated with the research and of
their right to refuse to participate.
video · knows that the designs used for technological improvements should consider the values of
society (economic, political, social, ethical, aesthetic).
video · uses knowledge of political, social, and economic ramifications of certain scientific research to
evaluate its role in society.
video · knows that scientific and technological contributions are made by individuals of different
ethnic, economic, and cultural backgrounds.
video · knows that scientific contributions may result in diverse technological products.
video · extends and refines use of a computer to collect, analyze, and report scientific findings.
video The Nature of Matter
· understands the relationship between the energy of a wave and its frequency (the greater the
frequency of the wave, the greater the energy of the wave).
video · understands the relationship of energy and wavelength to the electromagnetic spectrum.
video · knows that there is an energy difference between an electron near the nucleus and one further
away.
video · knows that when electrons are transferred from one substance to another, the general
properties of both substances change.
video · extends and refines knowledge of uses of forms of energy to improve the quality of life.
video Energy
· understands that energy can be transferred by radiation, conduction, and convection.
video · knows examples of natural and man-made systems in which energy is transferred from one
form to another.
video · understands how the principle of conservation of energy is applied during an energy transfer.
video · knows ways to measure the various forms of energy that come from the Sun.
video · knows that energy conversions are never 100% efficient and that some energy is transformed
to heat and is unavailable for further useful work (for example, a food pyramid reflects the
energy that is used and lost in each part of a food chain).
video · knows that a transfer of thermal energy occurs in chemical reactions.
video · knows the processes by which thermal energy tends to flow from a system of higher
temperature to a system of lower temperature.
video · knows that the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules that make up an object
changes when the temperature of the object changes.
video · knows that sound travels in a medium (cannot travel in a vacuum), and travels at different
speeds through various media.
video · knows the parts of a wave (crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude).
video · understands that wavelength determines the colors of visible light.
video · understands that wavelength determines the pitch of sound.
video · knows that waves vary greatly in character (for example, sound, ultraviolet, infrared, ocean
waves).
video · understands that as energy is transferred from one system to another there is a reduction in
the amount of useful energy.
video · knows that energy transfer is not efficient.
video Force and Motion
· knows that speed, velocity, and acceleration can be calculated, estimated, and defined.
video · knows ways to measure the frequency of waves.
video · knows some technological devices that use wave energy (for example, sonar, ultrasound,
laser).
video · knows that many forces act at a distance.
video · knows some common contact forces (for example, friction, buoyancy, tension).
video · recognizes the forces that act on a given object.
video · knows that the overall effect of a force can be predicted.
video · knows that forces may be balanced or unbalanced.
video · understands that unbalanced forces cause objects to accelerate.
video · understands that an object in motion will continue at a constant speed and in a straight line
until acted upon by a force and that an object at rest will remain at rest until acted upon by a
force.
video · knows ways in which a net force (for example, the sum of all acting forces) can act on an
object (for example, speeding up an object traveling in the same direction as the net force,
slowing down an object traveling in the direction opposite of the net force).
video · knows that gravity is a universal force that every mass exerts on every other mass.
video Earth and Space
· knows that available data from various satellite probes show similarities and differences
among planets and their moons in our Solar System.
video · knows the size, temperature, age, and brightness of the Sun compared to some other stars in
the Milky Way Galaxy (for example, white dwarfs, red giants).
video · knows that stars appear to be made of similar chemical elements, although they differ in age,
size, temperature, and distance.
video · knows that thousands of other galaxies appear to have the same elements, forces, and forms
of energy found in our Solar System.
video The Nature of Science
· knows that scientific knowledge is subject to modification as new information challenges
prevailing theories and as a new theory leads to looking at old observations in a new way.
video · extends and refines use of systematic, scientific processes to develop and test hypotheses.
video · knows that the study of the events that led scientists to discoveries can provide information
about the inquiry process and its effects.
video · extends and refines knowledge that science disciplines differ from one another in topic,
techniques, and outcomes but that they share a common purpose, philosophy, and
enterprise.
video · extends and refines use of accurate records, openness, and replication of experiments to
ensure credibility.
video · extends and refines knowledge of how to identify the independent and dependent variables in
an experiment.
video · extends and refines use of appropriate experimental design, with consideration for rules, time,
and materials required to solve a problem.
video · extends and refines use of rules, time, and materials in ways that ensure the identification and
separation of variables in an experiment to solve a problem.
video · extends and refines knowledge of selected scientists and their accomplishments and
recognizes their varied backgrounds, talents, interests, and goals.
video · extends and refines use of criteria necessary to determine the validity of a scientific
experiment.
video · knows that statistical tests are used to confirm the significance of data.
video · understands the importance for looking for patterns in natural events.
video · knows that science ethics demand that scientists must not knowingly subject coworkers,
students, the neighborhood, or the community to health or property risks.
video · uses appropriate procedures for safety in the classroom, home, and community.
video · extends and refines knowledge of the care, safe practices, and ethical treatment that are
appropriate when using animals in field and laboratory research.
video · knows that in research involving human subjects, the ethics of science require that potential
subjects be fully informed about the risks and benefits associated with the research and of
their right to refuse to participate.
video · knows that technological design should require taking into account constraints such as natural
laws, the properties of the materials used, and economic, political, social, ethical, and
aesthetic values.
video · understands that contributions to the advancement of science, mathematics, and technology
have been made by different kinds of people, in different cultures, at different times and are
an intrinsic part of the development of human culture.
video · knows that no matter who does science and mathematics or invents things, or when or where
they do it, the knowledge and technology that result can eventually become available to
everyone.
video · knows ways the scientific enterprise is global and available to all.
video · uses a variety of technologies to collect, analyze, and report scientific findings.
video · knows that the quantity of scientific information available is increasing at an exponential rate
due to the advances in technology.
video
Energy
Standard 1: The student recognizes that energy may be changed in form with varying efficiency.
1. knows that the Sun supplies heat and light energy to Earth.
video 2. knows that light can pass through some objects and not others.
video 3. describes a model energy system (e.g., an aquarium or terrarium).
video 4. knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., by burning and rubbing).
video Force and Motion
Standard 1: The student understands that types of motion may be described, measured, and predicted.
1. understands that different things move at different speeds.
video 2. knows that there is a relationship between force and motion.
video Standard 2: The student understands that the types of force that act on an object and the effect of that force can be described, measured, and predicted.
1. knows that one way to change how something is moving is to give it a push or a pull
video 2. knows that sound is caused by vibrations (pushing and pulling) to cause waves.
video Processes that Shape the Earth
Standard 2: The student understands the need for protection of the natural systems on Earth.
1. understands that people influence the quality of life of those around them.
video Earth and Space
Standard 1: The student understands the interaction and organization in the Solar System and the universe and how this affects life on Earth.
1. knows that the light reflected by the Moon looks a little different every day but looks the same again about every 28 days.
video 2. knows that the appearance of sunrise and sunset is due to the rotation of Earth every 24 hours.
video Standard 2: The student recognizes the vastness of the universe and the Earth's place in it.
1. knows that there are many objects in the sky that are only visible at night.
video The Nature of Science
Standard 1: The student uses the scientific processes and habits of mind to solve problems.
1. knows that in order to learn, it is important to observe the same things often and compare them.
video 2. knows that when tests are repeated under the same conditions, similar results are usually obtained.
video 3. knows that in doing science, it is often helpful to work with a team and to share findings with others.
video 4. knows that people use scientific processes including hypotheses, making inferences, and recording and communicating data when exploring the natural world.
video 5. uses the senses, tools, and instruments to obtain information from his or her surroundings.
video Standard 2: The student understands that most natural events occur in comprehensible, consistent patterns.
1. knows that most natural events occur in patterns.
video Standard 3: The student understands that science, technology, and society are interwoven and interdependent.
1. knows that scientists and technologists use a variety of tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, and scales) to obtain information in more detail and to make work easier.
video Standard 2: The student understands the basic principles of atomic
theory.
1. knows that materials may be made of parts too small to be seen without magnification.
video Energy
Standard 1: The student recognizes that energy may be changed in form with varying efficiency.
1. knows how to trace the flow of energy in a system (e.g., as in an ecosystem).
video 2. recognizes various forms of energy (e.g., heat, light, and electricity).
video 3. knows that most things that emit light also emit heat.
video 4. knows the many ways in which energy can be transformed from one type to another.
video 5. knows that various forms of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, and radiant) can be measured in ways that make it possible to determine the amount of energy that is transformed.
video 6. knows ways that heat can move from one object to another. video Force and Motion
Standard 1: The student understands that types of motion may be described, measured, and predicted.
1. understands that the motion of an object can be described and measured.
video 2. knows that waves travel at different speeds through different materials.
video Standard 2: The student understands that the types of force that act on an object and the effect of that force can be described, measured, and predicted.
1. recognizes that forces of gravity, magnetism, and electricity operate simple machines.
video 2. knows that an object may move in a straight line at a constant speed, speed up, slow down, or change direction dependent on net force acting on the object.
video 3. knows that the more massive an object is, the less effect a given force has.
video 4. knows that the motion of an object is determined by the overall effect of all of the forces acting on the object.
video Earth and Space
Standard 1: The student understands the interaction and organization in the Solar System and the universe and how this affects life on Earth.
1. knows that the tilt of the Earth on its own axis as it rotates and revolves around the Sun causes changes in season, length of day, and energy available.
video 2. knows that the combination of the Earth's movement and the Moon's own orbit around the Earth results in the appearance of cyclical phases of the Moon.
video 3. knows that the Sun is a star and that its energy can be captured or concentrated to generate heat and light for work on Earth.
video 4. knows that the planets differ in size, characteristics, and composition and that they orbit the Sun in our Solar System.
video 5. understands the arrangement of planets in our Solar System.
video Standard 2: The student recognizes the vastness of the universe and the Earth's place in it.
1. knows that, in addition to the Sun, there are many other stars that are far away.
video The Nature of Science
Standard 1: The student uses the scientific processes and habits of mind to solve problems.
1. knows that it is important to keep accurate records and descriptions to provide information and clues on causes of discrepancies in repeated experiments.
video 2. knows that a successful method to explore the natural world is to observe and record, and then analyze and communicate the results.
video 3. knows that to work collaboratively, all team members should be free to reach , explain, and justify their own individual conclusions.
video 4. knows that to compare and contrast observations and results is an essential skill in science.
video 5. knows that a model of something is different from the real thing, but can be used to learn something about the real thing.
video Standard 2: The student understands that most natural events occur in comprehensible, consistent patterns.
1. knows that natural events are often predictable and logical.
video Standard 3: The student understands that science, technology, and society are interwoven and interdependent.
1. understands that people, alone or in groups, invent new tools to solve problems and do work that affects aspects of life outside of science.
video 2. knows that data are collected and interpreted in order to explain an event or concept.
video 3. knows that before a group of people build something or try something new, they should determine how it may affect other people.
video 4. knows that through the use of science processes and knowledge, people can solve problems, make decisions, and form new ideas.
video Standard 1: The student understands that all matter has observable,
measurable properties.
1. identifies various ways in which substances differ (e.g., mass, volume, shape, density, texture, and reaction to temperature and light).
video 3. knows that temperature measures the average energy of motion of the particles that make up the substance.
video 4. knows that atoms in solids are close together and do not move around easily; in liquids, atoms tend to move farther apart; in gas, atoms are quite far apart and move around freely.
video Standard 2: The student understands the basic principles of atomic
theory.
1. describes and compares the properties of particles and waves.
video 2. knows the general properties of the atom (a massive nucleus of neutral neutrons and positive protons surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons) and accepts that single atoms are not visible.
video 3. knows that radiation, light, and heat are forms of energy used to cook food, treat diseases, and provide energy.
video Energy
Standard 1: The student recognizes that energy may be changed in form with varying efficiency.
1. identifies forms of energy and explains that they can be measured and compared.
video 2. knows that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form to another.
video 3. knows the various forms in which energy comes to Earth from the Sun (e.g., visible light, infrared, and microwave).
video 4. knows that energy conversions are never 100% efficient (i.e., some energy is transformed to heat and is unavailable for further useful work).
video 5. knows the processes by which thermal energy tends to flow from a system of higher temperature to a system of lower temperature.
video 6. knows the properties of waves (e.g., frequency, wavelength, and amplitude); that each wave consists of a number of crests and troughs; and the effects of different media on waves.
video Standard 2: The student understands the interaction of matter and energy.
Force and Motion
Standard 1: The student understands that types of motion may be described, measured, and predicted.
1. knows that the motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed.
video 2. knows that vibrations in materials set up wave disturbances that spread away from the source (e.g., sound and earthquake waves).
video Standard 2: The student understands that the types of force that act on an object and the effect of that force can be described, measured, and predicted.
1. knows that many forces (e.g., gravitational, electrical, and magnetic) act at a distance (i.e., without contact).
video 2. knows common contact forces.
video 3. knows that if more than one force acts on an object, then the forces can reinforce or cancel each other, depending on their direction and magnitude.
video 5. understands that an object in motion will continue at a constant speed and in a straight line until acted upon by a force and that an object at rest will remain at rest until acted upon by a force.
video 6. explains and shows the ways in which a net force (that is, the sum of all acting forces) can act on an object (e.g., speeding up an object traveling in the same direction as the net force, slowing down an object traveling in the direction opposite of the net force).
video 7. knows that gravity is a universal force that every mass exerts on every other mass.
video Processes that Shape the Earth
Standard 1: The student recognizes that processes in the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact to shape the Earth.
3. knows how conditions that exist in one system influence the conditions that exist in other systems.
video 5. understands concepts of time and size relating to the interaction of Earth's processes (e.g., lightning striking in a split second as opposed to the shifting of the Earth's plates altering the landscape, distance between atoms measured in Angstrom units as opposed to distance between stars measured in light-years).
video Standard 2: The student understands the need for protection of the natural systems on Earth.
1. understands that quality of life is relevant to personal experience.
video 2. knows the positive and negative consequences of human action on the Earth's systems.
video Earth and Space
Standard 1: The student understands the interaction and organization in the Solar System and the universe and how this affects life on Earth.
1. understands the vast size of our Solar System and the relationship of the planets and their satellites.
video 2. knows that available data from various satellite probes show the similarities and differences among planets and their moons in the Solar System.
video 3. understands that our Sun is one of many stars in our galaxy.
video 4. knows that stars appear to be made of similar chemical elements, although they differ in age, size, temperature, and distance.
video Standard 2: The student recognizes the vastness of the universe and the Earth's place in it.
1. knows that thousands of other galaxies appear to have the same elements, forces, and forms of energy found in our Solar System.
video The Nature of Science
Standard 1: The student uses the scientific processes and habits of mind to solve problems.
1. knows that scientific knowledge is subject to modification as new information challenges prevailing theories and as a new theory leads to looking at old observations in a new way.
video 2. knows that the study of the events that led scientists to discoveries can provide information about the inquiry process and its effects.
video 3. knows that science disciplines differ from one another in topic, techniques, and outcomes but that they share a common purpose, philosophy, and enterprise.
video 4. knows that accurate record keeping, openness, and replication are essential to maintaining an investigator's credibility with other scientists and society.
video 5. knows that a change in one or more variables may alter the outcome of an investigation.
video 6. recognizes the scientific contributions that are made by individuals of diverse backgrounds, interests, talents, and motivations.
video 7. knows that when similar investigations give different results, the scientific challenge is to verify whether the differences are significant by further study.
video Standard 2: The student understands that most natural events occur in comprehensible, consistent patterns.
1. recognizes that patterns exist within and across systems.
video Standard 3: The student understands that science, technology, and society are interwoven and interdependent.
1. knows that science ethics demand that scientists must not knowingly subject coworkers, students, the neighborhood, or the community to health or property risks.
video 2. knows that special care must be taken in using animals in scientific research.
video 3. knows that in research involving human subjects, the ethics of science require that potential subjects be fully informed about the risks and benefits associated with the research and of their right to refuse to participate.
video 4. knows that technological design should require taking into account constraints such as natural laws, the properties of the materials used, and economic, political, social, ethical, and aesthetic values.
video 5. understands that contributions to the advancement of science, mathematics, and technology have been made by different kinds of people, in different cultures, at different times and are an intrinsic part of the development of human culture.
video 6. knows that no matter who does science and mathematics or invents things, or when or where they do it, the knowledge and technology that result can eventually become available to everyone.
video 7. knows that computers speed up and extend people's ability to collect, sort, and analyze data; prepare research reports; and share data and ideas with others. video Energy
Standard 1: The student recognizes that energy may be changed in form with varying efficiency.
1. understands how knowledge of energy is fundamental to all the scientific disciplines (e.g., the energy required for biological processes in living organisms and the energy required for the building, erosion, and rebuilding of the Earth).
video 2. understands that there is conservation of mass and energy when matter is transformed.
video 3. knows that temperature is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy of motion of the molecules in an object.
video 4. knows that as electrical charges oscillate, they create time-varying electric and magnetic fields that propagate away from the source as an electromagnetic wave.
video 5. knows that each source of energy presents advantages and disadvantages to its use in society (e.g., political and economic implications may determine a society's selection of renewable or nonrenewable energy sources).
video 7. knows that the total amount of usable energy always decreases, even though the total amount of energy is conserved in any transfer.
video Standard 2: The student understands the interaction of matter and energy.
1. knows that the structure of the universe is the result of interactions involving fundamental particles (matter) and basic forces (energy) and that evidence suggests that the universe contains all of the matter and energy that ever existed. video Force and Motion
Standard 1: The student understands that types of motion may be described, measured, and predicted.
1. knows that all motion is relative to whatever frame of reference is chosen and that there is no absolute frame of reference from which to observe all motion.
video 2. knows that any change in velocity is an acceleration.
video Standard 2: The student understands that the types of force that act on an object and the effect of that force can be described, measured, and predicted.
1. knows that acceleration due to gravitational force is proportional to mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects..
video 2. knows that electrical forces exist between any two charged objects.
video 3. describes how magnetic force and electrical force are two aspects of a single force.
video 4. knows that the forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together are much stronger than electromagnetic force and that this is the reason for the great amount of energy released from the nuclear reactions in the sun and other stars.
video 5. knows that most observable forces can be traced to electric forces acting between atoms or molecules.
video 6. explains that all forces come in pairs commonly called action and reaction.
video Processes that Shape the Earth
Standard 2: The student understands the need for protection of the natural systems on Earth.
1. understands the interconnectedness of the systems on Earth and the quality of life.
video Earth and Space
Standard 1: The student understands the interaction and organization in the Solar System and the universe and how this affects life on Earth.
1. understands the relationships between events on Earth and the movements of the Earth, its Moon, the other planets, and the Sun.
video 2. knows how the characteristics of other planets and satellites are similar to and different from those of the Earth.
video 3. knows the various reasons that Earth is the only planet in our Solar System that appears to be capable of supporting life as we know it.
video Standard 2: The student recognizes the vastness of the universe and the Earth's place in it.
1. knows that the stages in the development of three categories of stars are based on mass: stars that have the approximate mass of our Sun, stars that are two- to three-stellar masses and develop into neutron stars, and stars that are five- to six-stellar masses and develop into black holes.
video 2. identifies the arrangement of bodies found within and outside our galaxy.
video 3. knows astronomical distance and time.
video 4. understands stellar equilibrium.
video 5. knows various scientific theories on how the universe was formed.
video 6. knows the various ways in which scientists collect and generate data about our universe (e.g., X-ray telescopes, computer simulations of gravitational systems, nuclear reactions, space probes, and supercollider simulations).
video 7. knows that mathematical models and computer simulations are used in studying evidence from many sources to form a scientific account of the universe.
video The Nature of Science
Standard 1: The student uses the scientific processes and habits of mind to solve problems.
1. knows that investigations are conducted to explore new phenomena, to check on previous results, to test how well a theory predicts, and to compare different theories.
video 2. knows that from time to time, major shifts occur in the scientific view of how the world works, but that more often, the changes that take place in the body of scientific knowledge are small modifications of prior knowledge.
video 3. understands that no matter how well one theory fits observations, a new theory might fit them as well or better, or might fit a wider range of observations, because in science, the testing, revising, and occasional discarding of theories, new and old, never ends and leads to an increasingly better understanding of how things work in the world, but not to absolute truth.
video 4. knows that scientists in any one research group tend to see things alike and that therefore scientific teams are expected to seek out the possible sources of bias in the design of their investigations and in their data analysis.
video 5. understands that new ideas in science are limited by the context in which they are conceived, are often rejected by the scientific establishment, sometimes spring from unexpected findings, and usually grow slowly from many contributors.
video 6. understands that in the short run, new ideas that do not mesh well with mainstream ideas in science often encounter vigorous criticism and that in the long run, theories are judged by how they fit with other theories, the range of observations they explain, how well they explain observations, and how effective they are in predicting new findings.
video 7. understands the importance of a sense of responsibility, a commitment to peer review, truthful reporting of the methods and outcomes of investigations, and making the public aware of the findings.
video Standard 2: The student understands that most natural events occur in comprehensible, consistent patterns.
1. knows that scientists assume that the universe is a vast system in which basic rules exist that may range from very simple to extremely complex, but that scientists operate on the belief that the rules can be discovered by careful, systemic study.
video 2. knows that scientists control conditions in order to obtain evidence, but when that is not possible for practical or ethical reasons, they try to observe a wide range of natural occurrences to discern patterns.
video Standard 3: The student understands that science, technology, and society are interwoven and interdependent.
1. knows that performance testing is often conducted using small-scale models, computer simulations, or analogous systems to reduce the chance of system failure.
video 2. knows that technological problems often create a demand for new scientific knowledge and that new technologies make it possible for scientists to extend their research in a way that advances science.
video 3. knows that scientists can bring information, insights, and analytical skills to matters of public concern and help people understand the possible causes and effects of events.
video 4. knows that funds for science research come from federal government agencies, industry, and private foundations and that this funding often influences the areas of discovery.
video 5. knows that the value of a technology may differ for different people and at different times.
video 6. knows that scientific knowledge is used by those who engage in design and technology to solve practical problems, taking human values and limitations into account.
video Updated September 2001Grade Level Expectations
Kindergarten
The kindergarten student:
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First Grade
The first grade student:
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Second Grade
The second grade student:
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Third Grade
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Fourth Grade
The fourth grade student:
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Fifth Grade
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Sixth Grade
The sixth grade student:
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Seventh Grade
The seventh grade student:
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Eighth Grade
The eighth grade student:
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State Standards
Grades PreK-2
The Nature of Matter
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Grades 3-5
The Nature of Matter
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Grades 6-8
The Nature of Matter
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Grades 9-12
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