Content Standard 1: All students will measure and describe the things around us; explain what the world around us is made of; identify and describe forms of energy; and explain how electricity and magnetism interact with matter. (Matter and Energy)
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1. Describe and compare objects in terms of mass, volume, and density. ( Key concepts: Units of density-grams per cubic centimeter or grams per milli-liter. Measurement tools and units describing mass and volume: Balances, spring scales, measuring cups or graduated cylinders, thermometers, metric ruler; kilogram, gram, liter, degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius. Real-world contexts: Common objects and substances-see above; events involving floating and sinking, such as wood floating in water, oil and water, hot air balloons, submarines, lake turnover.)
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2. Explain how families of elements are related by common properties. ( Tools: Periodic table of elements. Materials: various element samples. Real-world contexts: Common elements-calcium, magnesium, sulfur, oxygen chlorine, iodine, silicon, carbon; properties of elements which make them useful in technological systems.)
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3. Analyze properties of common household and agricultural materials in terms of risk/benefit balance. ( Key concepts: Risk/benefit analysis. Real-world contexts: Herbicides, refrigerants, fertilizers, detergents.)
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4. Describe and explain the structural parts and electrical charges of atoms. ( Key concepts: Parts of atoms-nucleus, electron cloud. Subatomic particles-proton, neutron, electron. Electrical charges-positive, negative, neutral. Real-world contexts: All elements, relationships from Periodic Table.)
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5. Describe how energy is conserved during transformations. ( Key concepts: Law of conservation of energy. Real-world contexts: Motors, generators, power plants, light bulbs, appliances, cars, radios, lifting an object, roller coaster, human body systems.)
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6. Explain changes in matter and energy involving heat transfer. ( Key concepts: Mechanisms of heat transfer-convection, conduction, radiation. Efficiency. Real-world contexts: Convection currents, lake turnover, wind, hot frying pans, heating and cooling buildings, heat lamps, sunlight heating the earth.)
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7. Describe how electric currents can be produced by interacting wires and magnets. ( Key concepts: Electromagnetic induction, current flow and direction, magnetic fields. Real-world contexts: Generators, transformers.)
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8. Construct and explain simple circuits using wires, light bulbs, fuses, switches, and power sources. ( Key concepts: Complete circuit, short circuit, series circuit, parallel circuits, open circuit, closed circuit, power supply, batteries, dry cells, fuses, switches, current, power, electric potential. Real-world contexts: Household wiring, automobile wiring, flashlights, tree lights.)
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Content Standard 2: All students will investigate, describe and analyze ways in which matter changes; describe how living things and human technology change matter and transform energy; explain how visible changes in matter are related to atoms and molecules; and how changes in matter are related to changes in energy. (Changes in Matter)
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1. Explain how mass is conserved in physical and chemical changes. ( Key concepts: Law of conservation of mass. Real-world contexts: Common physical and chemical changes above; see elementary benchmark 1, and middle school benchmarks 1, 2, and 3.)
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2. Describe nuclear changes in terms of the properties of reactants and products. ( Key concepts: Nucleus, nuclear change, nuclear energy. Real-world contexts: Nuclear power plants, nuclear energy from sun, natural radioactive decay.)
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3. Trace, to an original source, the energy used by living things and machines. ( Key concepts: Food, fuel, renewable and non-renewable resources. Real-world contexts: Fossil fuels, nuclear energy, sun, electricity, manufacturing, transportation, digestion, photosynthesis.)
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4. Describe how common materials are made and disposed of or recycled. ( Key concepts: Descriptions of physical and chemical changes. Manufacturing-refining, mining, waste disposal. Real-world contexts: Manufacturing processes-steel mills, auto assembly lines, paper making; recycling-glass, aluminum, paper, plastic, water treatment; disposal-landfills, incinerators.)
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5. Explain chemical changes in terms of the arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules. ( Key concepts: Description of chemical change at molecular level, see Matter and Energy benchmarks. Description of chemical change-burning paper, rusting iron, formation of sugars during photosynthesis, atom, molecule, bond, reactant, product, conservation of matter. Real-world contexts: Examples of chemical change-see middle school benchmarks 2 and 3.)
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6. Describe, compare, and contrast changes in atoms and/or molecules during physical, chemical, and nuclear changes. ( Key concepts: Atomic/ molecular descriptions of physical and chemical substances and changes. Also see, Matter and Energy benchmarks. Real-world contexts: Physical and chemical changes in natural and technological systems; nuclear changes-nuclear power plants, bombs, natural radioactive decay, medical use of isotopes, nuclear reactions in the sun.)
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7. Describe energy changes associated with physical and chemical changes. ( Key concepts: Physical change, chemical change, potential energy, kinetic energy. Real-world contexts: Physical changes-dehydrated foods, solid air fresheners, recycling glass; chemical changes-some hot and cold packs, burning fuels, corrosion.)
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8. Describe, compare and contrast relative magnitudes of energy changes involved in physical, chemical and nuclear changes. ( Key concepts: Physical change, chemical change, potential energy, kinetic energy. Real-world contexts: See high school benchmarks 5 and 6.)
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Content Standard 3: All students will describe how things around us move and explain why things move as they do; demonstrate and explain how we control the motions of objects; and relate motion to energy and energy conversions. (Motion of Objects)
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1. Perform measurements and calculations to describe the speed and direction of an object. ( Key concepts: Units of measure-meter, kilometer, seconds, hour, meters/sec, kilometers/hour. Measurement instruments-rulers, tape measures, stopwatches, clocks, speedometers, compasses. Real-world contexts: Common objects moving in two or three dimensions-see middle school benchmark 1.)
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2. Describe that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. ( Key concepts: Action force, reaction force. Real-world contexts: Walking, swimming, jumping, rocket motion.)
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3. Analyze the operation of machines in terms of force and motion. ( Key concepts: Force, motion, and changes of motion-speeding up, slowing down, turning, push, pull, friction, gravity, attraction, repulsion, balanced, unbalanced. Real-world contexts: Machines, such as bicycles, automobiles, electrical motors, generators.)
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4. Explain energy conversions in moving objects and in simple machines. ( Key concepts: Types of energy-kinetic energy, potential energy, heat energy. Conversions-see Matter and Energy benchmarks, Efficiency. Real-world contexts: Simple and complex machines-see elementary benchmark 3; roller coasters, swings, pendulums.)
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Content Standard 4: All students will describe sounds and sound waves; explain shadows, color, and other light phenomena; measure and describe vibrations and waves; and explain how waves and vibrations transfer energy. (Waves and Vibrations)
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1. Relate characteristics of sounds that we hear to properties of sound waves. ( Key concepts: Properties of sounds-pitch, volume. Characteristics of sound waves-frequency, amplitude, velocity. Real-world contexts: Common sounds that vary in pitch and volume-see elementary benchmark 1.)
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2. Explain how sound recording and reproducing devices work. ( Key concepts: Parts of sound recording and reproducing devices, including needle, amplifier, speaker, microphone, laser disk reader. Real-world contexts: Sound devices, such as record players, tape recorders, medical ultrasound devices, hearing-aids, laser disk players.)
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3. Relate colors to wavelengths of light. ( Key concepts: Colors of the spectrum-red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Properties of light waves: wavelength, amplitude, frequency. Tools for making spectra: Prism, diffraction grating. Real-world contexts: Spectra made by prisms, diffraction gratings; colored lights, rainbow glasses, rainbows.)
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4. Explain how we see colors of objects. ( Key concepts: Colors of the spectrum and characteristics of light waves-red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, wavelength, amplitude, frequency. Ways that objects interact with light-emission, reflection, absorption, transmission. Real-world contexts: Colored light-reflecting objects, such as books, clothes, color photographs; colored light-transmitting objects, such as stained glass, cellophane; colored light-emitting objects, such as television, neon lights.)
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5. Describe different types of waves and their technological applications. ( Key concepts: Types of waves-mechanical: sound, ultrasound, water waves, shock wave; electromagnetic: radio waves, microwaves, radiant heat, infrared radiation, visible light, ultra-violet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays. Properties of waves-frequency, amplitude, wavelength, wave velocity. Real-world contexts: Examples of mechanical waves, such as sound-see above, ocean waves, wave tanks, earthquakes, seismic waves; examples of electromagnetic waves, such as light-see above, radio and television signals, heat lamps, microwave transmitters, ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, X-ray machines, gamma rays from radioactive decay.)
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6. Describe waves in terms of their properties (frequency, amplitude, wavelength, wave velocity). ( Key concepts: Mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Properties of waves-frequency, amplitude, wavelength, wave velocity. Units of measurement-hertz or cycles per second, micrometers, meters, meters per second. Real-world contexts: Examples of mechanical and electromagnetic waves-see above.)
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7. Describe the behavior of waves when they interact. ( Key concepts: Super-position, constructive and destructive interference. Real-world contexts: Dead spots in auditoriums, spectra made by diffraction gratings, colors observed in soap bubbles.)
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8. Relate changes in detected frequency of a source to the motion of the source and/or the detector. ( Key concepts: Wavelength, frequency, source, detector, motion, shifts in frequency and wavelength. Real-world contexts: Engine noise from cars passing by, spectrum of stars, Doppler weather radar, police radar.)
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9. Explain how energy is stored and transformed in vibrating and oscillating objects. ( Key concepts: Kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy. Real-world contexts: Examples of vibrating or oscillating objects-see middle school benchmark 5.)
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