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1.1 use properties to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects, and use characteristics to categorize living things
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Physical Science
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Wave behavior
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describe experiences with sound, for example vibrations, echoes, and pitch; describe experiences with light in terms of bouncing off, passing through, and changes in path direction
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describe sound, water waves, and light, using wave properties such as, wave length, reflection, refraction, transmission, absorption, scattering, and interference
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describe water waves and sound, relating the ideas of frequency, wave length, and speed, and by relating energy to amplitude
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1.2 recognize the components, structure, and organization of systems and the interconnections within and among them
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Systems
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identify the parts of a system, how the parts go together, and how they depend on each other
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describe how the parts of a system interact and influence each other
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analyze systems, including the inputs and outputs of a system and its subsystems
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Physical Science
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Energy sources and kinds
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understand that energy keeps things running and comes in many forms
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understand that energy is a property of substances and systems and comes in many forms, including stored energy, energy of motion, and heat energy such as heat, light, electrical, mechanical, sound, nuclear, and chemical
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understand many forms of energy as they are found in common situations on earth and in the universe
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Energy transfer and transformation
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know that energy can be transferred between various forms
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determine factors that affect rate and amount of energy transfer; associate a decrease in one form of energy with an increase in another
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understand that total energy is conserved; analyze decreases and increases in energy during transfers, in terms of total energy conservation
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Earth/Space Science
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Components and patterns of the earth system
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recognize that the earth is a spherical planet with a mainly solid interior and a surface composed of landforms, bodies of water, and an atmosphere
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describe the components and relationships of the earth system, including the solid earth (crust, hot convecting mantle and dense metallic core), the hydrosphere (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and streams), and the atmosphere (a mixture of gases)
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Components of the solar system and beyond (universe)
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know that the earth is one of several planets that orbits the sun, and the moon orbits the earth
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describe the relationships of the earth to the sun, the moon, the other planets and their moons, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets
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understand that the solar system is in a galaxy in an expanding universe composed of immense numbers of stars and celestial bodies
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1.3 understand how interactions within and among systems cause changes in matter and energy
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Physical Science
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Nature of forces
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describe forces in terms of strength and direction
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know the factors that determine the strength of the various forces
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identify various forces and their relative magnitudes, and explain everyday situations in terms of force
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Forces to explain motion
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investigate and recognize factors which determine the effects of a push or pull on the motion of objects
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understand the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of objects along a straight line
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explain the effects of unbalanced forces in changing the direction of motion of objects
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Earth/Space Science
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History and evolution of the earth
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recognize that fossils provide evidence of plants, animals, and environments that existed long ago
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know the importance of fossils in documenting life and environmental changes over time
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understand that fossils and radioactive elements can be used to correlate and determine the sequence of geologic events
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Interactions in the solar system and beyond
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observe and describe the patterns of movement of the sun and moon relative to each other and the earth, and relate them to the earth's rotation
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describe how the regular and predictable motions of most objects in the solar system account for such phenomena as the day, year, phases of the moon, eclipses, seasons, and ocean tides
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understand that the earth, planets, sun, and the rest of the celestial bodies in the universe are continuing to evolve because of interactions between matter and forces of nature
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2.1 develop abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
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Questioning
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ask questions about objects, organisms, and events in the environment
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generate questions that can be answered through scientific investigations
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study and analyze questions and related concepts that guide scientific investigations
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Designing and conducting investigations
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plan and conduct simple investigations, using appropriate tools, measures, and safety rules
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design, conduct, and evaluate scientific investigations, using appropriate equipment, mathematics, and safety procedures
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design, conduct, and evaluate systematic and complex scientific investigations, using appropriate technology, multiple measures, and safe approaches
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Explanation
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use data to construct reasonable explanations
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use evidence from scientific investigations to think critically and logically to develop descriptions, explanations, and predictions
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formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic and evidence; recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predictions
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Modeling
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model objects, events, or processes by representing them with concrete objects, metaphors, analogies, or other conceptual or physical constructs
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correlate models of the behavior of objects, events, or processes to the behavior of the actual things; test models by predicting and observing actual behaviors or processes
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use mathematics, computers and/or related technology to model the behavior of objects, events, or processes
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Communication
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record and report observations, explanations, and conclusions using oral, written, and mathematical expression
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communicate scientific procedures, investigations, and explanations orally, in writing, with computer-based technology, and in the language of mathematics
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research, interpret, and defend scientific investigations, conclusions, or arguments; use data, logic, and analytical thinking as investigative tools; express ideas through oral, written, and mathematical expression
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2.2 apply science knowledge and skills to solve problems or meet challenges
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Identifying problems
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identify problems found in familiar contexts in which science/technology can be or has been used to design solutions
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identify and examine common, everyday challenges or problems in which science/technology can be or has been used to design solutions
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study and analyze challenges or problems from local, regional, national, or global contexts in which science/technology can be or has been used to design a solution
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Designing and testing solutions
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propose, design, and test a solution to a problem
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identify, design, and test alternative solutions to a challenge or problem
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research, model, simulate, and test alternative solutions to a problem
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Evaluating potential solutions
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evaluate how well a design or a product solves a problem
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compare and contrast multiple solutions to a problem or challenge
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propose, revise, and evaluate the possible constraints, applications, and consequences of solutions to a problem or challenge
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3.1 understand the nature of scientific inquiry
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Intellectual honesty
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understand that all scientific observations should be reported accurately even when they contradict expectations
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understand the operational and ethical traditions of science and technology such as skepticism, cooperation, intellectual honesty, and proprietary discovery
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analyze and explain why curiosity, honesty, openness, and skepticism are integral to scientific inquiry
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Limitations of science and technology
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distinguish between questions that can be answered with science and technology and those that cannot
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understand that scientific investigation is limited to the natural world
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identify and analyze factors that limit the extent of scientific investigation
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Dealing with inconsistencies
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explain why similar investigations may not produce similar results
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provide more than one explanation for events or phenomena; defend or refute the explanations using evidence
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compare, contrast, and critique divergent results from scientific investigations based on scientific arguments and explanations
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Evaluating methods of investigation
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recognize that results of scientific investigations can come from expected and unexpected sources
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describe how methods of investigation relate to the validity of scientific, experiments, observations, theoretical models, and explanation
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analyze and evaluate the quality and standards of investigative design, processes, and procedures
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Evolution of scientific ideas
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know that ideas in science change as new scientific thinking, theories, and evidence arise
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explain how scientific theory, hypothesis generation, experimentation, and observation are interrelated and may lead to changing ideas
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know that science involves testing, revising, and occasionally discarding theories; understand that scientific inquiry and investigation lead to a better understanding of the natural world and not to absolute truth
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3.2 know that science and technology are human endeavors, interrelated to each other, to society, and to the workplace
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All peoples contribute to science and technology
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know that science and technology have been practiced by all peoples throughout history
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know that science and technology have been developed, used, and affected by many diverse individuals, cultures, and societies throughout human history
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analyze how scientific knowledge and technological advances discovered and developed by individuals and communities in all cultures of the world contribute to changes in societies
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Relationship of science and technology
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recognize that people have invented tools for everyday life and for scientific investigations
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compare and contrast scientific inquiry and technological design in terms of activities, results, and influence on individuals and society; know that science enables technology and vice versa
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analyze how the scientific enterprise and technological advances influence and are influenced by human activity, for example societal, environmental, economical, political, or ethical considerations
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Careers and occupations using science, mathematics, and technology
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identify the knowledge and skills of science, mathematics, and technology used in common occupations
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investigate the use of science, mathematics, and technology within occupational/career areas of interest
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investigate the scientific, mathematical, and technological knowledge, training, and experience needed for occupational/career areas of interest
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