QUESTION: How do you protect the Pathfinder's computer against radiation? Is there an upper limit for protection against cosmic rays? ANSWER from Donna Shirley on December 11, 1997: There are many ways. First of all, the electronic parts are made out of material which is resistant to damage by radiation. Second, the software is designed to recover from "bit flips" caused by transient radiation problems. In some cases, the rover modem for instance, the software turns off and on the hardware periodically so that it can recover if it has been affected by radiation. Donna Shirley