QUESTION:
What is special about penguin and seal fur (or skin) 
that keeps them warm?

        From Lucas A., Ms. Wingate's Class, TX.

ANSWER from Donna Patterson, Research Assistant, Bill Fraser's Team
            Palmer Station, Antarctica
            Thu, 20 Feb 1997 15:42:54 -0500

Hello Lucas,

Penguins have several very special adaptations that allow them to 
live so well in the cold environment here.  Penguin feathers are more 
insulating than those of other birds, and the feathers are also much 
more densely packed (covering the entire penguin's body).  These 
dense feathers are also very stiff, allowing a layer of air to 
be trapped between penguin skin and the outside - this cuts down 
on heat loss.   Penguins have a gland that produces oil; when they 
preen, they spread this oil all over their feathers.  This allows 
them to swim without any water reaching their skin.   Penguins also 
have a very thick layer of fat right below the skin which helps 
insulate their bodies.   

Seals have a similar layer of fat- called blubber - which can be 
extremely thick (as in the elephant seal).  The seals have 
specialized circulatory systems that help with warming up blood that 
is returning from the flippers or tail.   Fur seals have a very dense 
coat with two parts: an underpelt that is waterproof and an outer 
layer of guard hairs.  They are able to shake most of the water off 
their bodies as soon as they leave the water.

Thanks for your question!

Donna